What Does the Easter Bunny Have to Do with Jesus?

The Easter Bunny is an odd character to associate with the Christian festival celebrating the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. Just as Santa Claus has become synonymous with Christmas, the festival celebrating Jesus’ birth, the Easter Bunny has become one of the most-recognized symbols of Easter. But what does a mythical rabbit that leaves baskets full of goodies on Easter morning have to do with Christianity?

The tradition of a rabbit that brings or hides decorated eggs and candy for children has its roots in much earlier societies. Since Neolithic times (roughly 10,000–3000 bce) the hare has been linked with various religious rites. In Europe the animal has been found in ritual burials beside Neolithic human remains. Archaeologists believe these hares represented rebirth. In Britain, where the brown hare (Lepus europaeus) was introduced in likely the late Bronze Age or early-to-mid-Iron Age, the animal evidently had some religious significance; in Commentarii de bello Gallico, which describes Julius Caesar’s conquest of Britain in 55 or 54 bce during the Gallic Wars, Caesar noted that eating hares in Gaul was “not religiously permitted.” Excavated trash pits from the same time period confirm that human consumption of hares was infrequent.

Boudicca, queen of the ancient British Iceni tribe, is said to have released a hare for purposes of divination before leading a revolt against the Romans in 60 ce. After receiving positive news, she offered thanks to Andraste, the goddess of war. Andraste was one of several ancient female deities who were associated with the hare; another was a hybrid goddess who melded Andraste with Diana, the Roman goddess of the hunt. These warrior goddesses’ affiliation with the hare may have arisen because of hares’ aggressive mating behavior in the spring, leading to the expression “mad March hare.” During this time, males and females show an inclination for “boxing,” which also occurs for territorial reasons between rival males. In ancient Greece hares were associated with Aphrodite, the goddess of love, and her son Eros, for whom the hare was a symbol of unquenchable lust, probably because of the animal’s famously prolific breeding habits.

Celebrations of the Resurrection of Christ date to the 2nd century ce and possibly earlier. According to the 8th-century theologian and historian St. Bede the Venerable, the festival of Easter and its name derive from Eosturmonath (Eostre Month), a celebration of spring that honored the Anglo-Saxon fertility goddess Eostre. In the modern era the connection between Eostre, spring, and the hare has been disputed; she may have been a local protective deity rather than a fertility figure. Moreover, despite Bede’s theory and the similarity between the words Eostre and Easter, they do not share etymological roots. In fact, there is now widespread consensus that Easter comes from the Christian designation of Easter week as in albis, a Latin phrase that was understood as the plural of alba (“dawn”). In Old High German this phrase became eostarum, which became the modern German and English term Easter.

Regardless of the animal’s original religious connotations, as a fast-breeding creature that mates in the spring, the hare and other lagomorphs (meaning rabbits) are ideal symbols of new life and fertility. By the 13th century, folk customs such as the decorating of eggs, which symbolize new life emerging from the eggshell just as Jesus’ Resurrection symbolizes rebirth, had been incorporated in Easter celebrations. It was English and German folk traditions, however, that brought together Easter and the hare. English accounts from the 17th century report hunting for the Easter hare and eating its meat as part of the holy day’s feast. German records of the same era describe children hunting for eggs hidden by the Easter hare (Osterhase).

German immigrants to Pennsylvania in the 18th century are credited with bringing to the United States the tradition of an Easter hare that lays and hides eggs. German children would also make nests for the Easter hare to lay its eggs. The mythical character eventually became known across the country as the Easter rabbit or Easter Bunny. Easter rabbits even became a part of the White House Easter Egg Roll, held annually on Easter Monday. The activity began in 1878 when Pres. Rutherford B. Hayes invited children to roll Easter eggs on the White House’s South Lawn. Some children who participated in the event dressed up in Easter Bunny costumes or brought along their pet rabbits. In 1969 the official White House Easter Bunny made its first appearance at the Easter Egg Roll when a staffer of First Lady Pat Nixon donned a giant white rabbit costume to entertain the participants. The heralded hare has joined the festivities ever since.