Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, K. 550

Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, K. 550, symphony by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, sometimes known as the Great G Minor Symphony. Composed in the summer of 1788, it was finished at about the same time as his Symphony No. 39 and Symphony No. 41, marking a period of productivity exceptional even by Mozart’s standards. It is one of only two symphonies he wrote in minor keys and reflects his interest in the artistic movement known as Sturm und Drang (Storm and Stress), in which darker and stronger emotions were showcased. Mozart soon revised the piece to include clarinets and make other changes to the instrumentation, and it is this version that is often performed today—and that is considered one of the greatest of Mozart’s works.

The year 1788 was a dark one for Mozart. Viennese audiences were proving less eager to hear his concerts and recitals, bills were piling up, and his infant daughter Theresia had just died. Letters to friends reveal that he was finding it difficult to look beyond the shadows, and some have suggested that this fact influenced this unusually anxious symphony.

Yet there is more at work here than one man’s daily sorrows. At this time in history, German and Austrian composers were increasingly drawn to the pre-Romantic Sturm und Drang movement, a school of thought that also affected artists and writers such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller. In response, composers began producing works that were the audible expression of angst. Haydn wrote Sturm und Drang symphonies, frequently in the key of G minor that Mozart uses here. So did the London-based Johann Christian Bach, youngest son of the great Johann Sebastian, and this younger Bach had strongly influenced the pre-teen Mozart during that youth’s extended visit to England. In this atmosphere, it is no surprise that Mozart, too, turned, at least occasionally, to minor keys. Symphony No. 40 proves that this man whose music could so easily provoke delight could also spur tears.

However, it is only one of three symphonies Mozart would write this summer, apparently at the eventually abandoned prospect of a concert tour to London. The other two symphonies—No. 39 in E-flat Major and No. 41 in C Major—are bright and sunny in nature. One might imagine that Mozart loaded his somber feelings into this one work, though even here, all is not sorrow. At no point in his career would this composer allow music to stay long in sober moods.

The first movement, Molto Allegro, makes much of plaintive sighs, though gentle graceful melodies also appear and even occasional bursts of jubilation. The second movement, Andante, is softly elegant, as if of a quiet moonlit evening. Here, Mozart entirely sets aside the shadows of minor keys in favor of brighter major keys.

The third movement, Minuet and Trio, offers darkness as well as light, the dark passages strongly assertive and the light ones sweeter. For the sometimes explosive Allegro assai finale, Mozart returns to a general focus upon more serious moods, often given an urgent and fretful turn. In the middle of the movement, different sections of the orchestra simultaneously concern themselves with different melodic ideas, all blended into an intricate mix. By the last pages, tension everywhere, though never quite fury. A lack of laughter is not the same as the presence of anger.

The debut date of the symphony is not known. A scheduled premier at the Casino in Vienna was canceled, for unknown reasons. It is said that Mozart attended a performance in the private home of a Habsburg noble that was so poor that he walked out; this story is likely apocryphal. The first precisely dated performances in Vienna, using Mozart’s revised score, were on April 16 and 17, 1791, conducted by Antonio Salieri. Symphony No. 40 was the first of Mozart’s symphonies to be recorded, in a performance of 1915 by the Victor Talking Machine Company studio orchestra.