Sidney Lumet

Sidney Lumet (born June 25, 1924, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.—died April 9, 2011, New York, New York) American film director who was noted for his psychological dramas, which typically featured characters wrestling with moral or emotional conflicts involving betrayal, corruption, or disillusionment. He was also known for eliciting strong performances from his cast members.

(Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film preservation.)

Early work

Lumet grew up in New York City, where his parents were both veterans of the Yiddish Art Theatre. He followed in their footsteps, making his acting debut in the theatre as a child. In 1935 he appeared in his first Broadway production, Sidney Kingsley’s Dead End. Lumet was cast in other plays before making his film debut in the socially conscious …One Third of a Nation… (1939). After serving overseas in the U.S. Army during World War II, Lumet taught drama at the High School of Performing Arts in New York City, and he also started directing minor stage productions. In 1950 he became an assistant director at CBS. The following year he began helming episodes of the adventure series Danger, and he worked on various programs before graduating to the dramatic anthology series Goodyear Playhouse, Playhouse 90, Kraft Theatre, Omnibus, and Studio One in Hollywood.

In 1957 Lumet directed his first feature film, 12 Angry Men, which had originated as a live television production. Considered a courtroom classic—although it had only modest success at the box office—the drama centres on the jury deliberations in a murder trial, and its explorations of conscience and justice became common themes in Lumet’s productions. The film was nominated for an Academy Award, and Lumet received an Oscar nod for best director. Stage Struck (1958) tried to capitalize on Lumet’s theatrical experience, but that remake of the 1933 play Morning Glory was largely ignored, owing in part to the miscasting of Susan Strasberg as an aspiring actress who moves to New York City in the hopes of becoming a Broadway star. Not much better was That Kind of Woman (1959), a romantic comedy featuring Sophia Loren as a millionaire’s mistress who falls in love with a soldier (Tab Hunter).

The 1960s: Fail Safe, The Pawnbroker, and The Hill

For his next films Lumet looked to the theatre. The Fugitive Kind (1960) was a middling adaptation of the Tennessee Williams play Orpheus Descending, starring Marlon Brando as a drifter who shakes up a Southern town. The European production Vu du pont (1962; A View from the Bridge) was a well-realized version of Arthur Miller’s drama set on the Brooklyn docks, with Raf Vallone and Maureen Stapleton as an unhappily married couple.

It was Long Day’s Journey into Night (1962), though, that brought Lumet his best notices to date and launched a series of films that are widely considered classics. A lengthy, deliberately theatrical adaptation of Eugene O’Neill’s acclaimed play about a dysfunctional family, it offered standout performances by Katharine Hepburn (Oscar-nominated), Jason Robards, Dean Stockwell, and Ralph Richardson. Lumet moved far afield with the claustrophobic thriller Fail Safe (1964), about the United States on the brink of nuclear warfare; Henry Fonda starred as the president, and Walter Matthau portrayed a professor. Although a critical success, it was a disappointment at the box office, overshadowed by Stanley Kubrick’s Dr. Strangelove, which had been released earlier that year. Lumet’s other film from 1964, The Pawnbroker, also became a classic. The grim but powerful drama chronicled a concentration camp survivor’s efforts to sublimate his memories while running a business in Harlem; Rod Steiger was Oscar-nominated for his performance in the title role. The Pawnbroker prominently featured New York City, which was a favourite locale for Lumet, who likened locations to characters. His success continued with The Hill (1965), a shocking tale about life in a British military prison; the notable cast included Sean Connery, Ossie Davis, and Harry Andrews.

Lumet shifted gears with the melodrama The Group (1966), a highly publicized but only moderately successful adaptation of Mary McCarthy’s best seller that follows eight women (Candice Bergen in her film debut, Jessica Walter, Shirley Knight, and Elizabeth Hartman, among others) after they graduate from Vassar College in 1933. It toned down some of the novel’s frank discussion of sexuality. Better received was The Deadly Affair (1966), a grim spy drama based on a novel by John le Carré; the international cast was headed by James Mason, who starred as a British secret agent investigating the suicide of a government official while dealing with his own marital problems. After the uneven black comedy Bye Bye Braverman (1968), Lumet earned mixed reviews for The Sea Gull (1968), an adaptation of Anton Chekhov’s play, with Mason, Vanessa Redgrave, and Simone Signoret. Lumet closed out the decade with the glossy but forgettable melodrama The Appointment (1969), which starred Omar Sharif as an attorney who begins to suspect that his wife (Anouk Aimée) is a prostitute.