Los Alamos National Laboratory

Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), the laboratory that produced the first atomic bombs used during World War II and home of the primary nuclear weapons research facility in the United States. It is located in Los Alamos, New Mexico, 35 miles (56 km) northwest of Santa Fe.

In 1942 General Leslie Groves, commander of the Manhattan Project (code name for the U.S. mission to produce an atomic bomb), sought a secure site for the bomb laboratory. The location needed to be safe from enemy attack, isolated because of the project’s top secret status, and sparsely populated in the event of a nuclear accident.

Several sites in the interior western United States were considered, but it was not until J. Robert Oppenheimer, the scientific director of the bomb laboratory, suggested Los Alamos that the site was chosen. It fulfilled the selection criteria, and Oppenheimer was keen to locate the bomb-production facility at Los Alamos because of its natural beauty. He had enjoyed summers in Los Alamos as a youth and believed that the beautiful location would help the weapons team endure the arduous challenge ahead.

In April 1943 the scientists and engineers began arriving at the Los Alamos Laboratory, as it was then called. At its peak in 1945 more than 5,000 scientists, engineers, technicians, and their families lived on the site.

On July 16, 1945, the Manhattan Project achieved its wartime mission with the detonation of a plutonium bomb at the Trinity test site in Alamogordo, New Mexico. The project’s other two bombs were dropped on Japan the following month—a uranium bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on August 6 and another plutonium bomb on the city of Nagasaki on August 9.

Following the Japanese surrender on August 14, 1945, and the conclusion of World War II, the manufacture of atomic bombs continued at Los Alamos. However, after the radiation deaths of two scientists in two separate accidents in 1945 and 1946, the U.S. nuclear weapons program developed new safety guidelines that were rigidly enforced.

In the late 1940s and the ’50s the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, as the facility was then called, remained a prime U.S. nuclear weapons design post, although it shared responsibilities in the 1950s with the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California. Disarmament and arms-reduction treaties in the 1970s and ’90s, the breakup of the Soviet Union, and the end of the Cold War in 1991 resulted in diminished demand for nuclear weapons production. Although LANL remained the chief U.S. nuclear weapons laboratory at the turn of the 21st century, it shifted gears to become one of the largest scientific research sites in the world.