Summaries
Entertainment & Pop CultureGeography & TravelHealth & MedicineLiteratureMoneyPhilosophy & ReligionPolitics, Law & GovernmentScienceSports & RecreationTechnologyVisual ArtsWorld History
Shivaji summary
Shivaji, or Sivaji , (born Feb. 19, 1630, or April 1627, Shivner,...
Hamas summary
Hamas, also spelled Ḥamās acronym of Ḥarakat al-Muqāwamah al-Islāmiyyah...
Harry Belafonte summary
Harry Belafonte, orig.
John Locke Timeline
Timeline of important events in the life of English philosopher...
John Locke’s Important Works
Descriptive list of some of the most important works of English...
first lady summary
first lady, Wife of the president of the U.S.
Thanksgiving Day summary
Thanksgiving Day, U.S.
anti-Semitism summary
anti-Semitism, Hostility toward or discrimination against Jews...
Mikhail Gorbachev summary
Mikhail Gorbachev, (born March 2, 1931, Privolye, Stavropol...
Martin Luther King, Jr. summary
Martin Luther King, Jr., (born Jan. 15, 1929, Atlanta, Ga.,...
Desmond Tutu summary
Desmond Tutu, (born Oct. 7, 1931, Klerksdorp, S.Af.—died Dec....
British Empire summary
British Empire, Worldwide system of dependencies—colonies, protectorates,...
Malcolm X summary
Malcolm X, orig.
Martin Luther summary
Martin Luther, (born Nov. 10, 1483, Eisleben, Saxony—died Feb....
Nazism summary
Nazism, or National Socialism , Totalitarian movement led by...
Henri Tajfel summary
Henri Tajfel, (born June 22, 1919, Włocławek, Pol.—died May...
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching summary
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching (CFAT), ...
Mahatma Gandhi summary
Mahatma Gandhi, byname of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi , (born...
sustainability summary
sustainability, Long-term viability of a community, set of social...
Bloom’s taxonomy summary
Bloom’s taxonomy, Taxonomy of educational objectives, developed...
Reconstruction Key Facts
This is a list of key facts about the Reconstruction era. Reconstruction...
Reconstruction Timeline
This timeline lists significant events connected to Reconstruction,...
Comprehension Quiz: Reconstruction
Use this quiz to test how much you know about Reconstruction.
antinuclear movement summary
antinuclear movement, Social movement opposed to the production...
Napoleon summary
Napoleon, French Napoléon Bonaparte orig.
utopia summary
utopia, An ideal society whose inhabitants exist under seemingly...
war college summary
war college, Any of five U.S.
Second Vatican Council summary
Second Vatican Council, (1962–65)21st ecumenical council of...
Council of Trent summary
Council of Trent, (1545–63) 19th ecumenical council of the Roman...
Counter-Reformation summary
Counter-Reformation, or Catholic Reformation , In Roman Catholicism,...
ethnography summary
ethnography, Descriptive study of a particular human society...
Fred Hampton summary
Fred Hampton, in full Frederick Allen Hampton , (born Aug. 30,...
Jair Bolsonaro summary
Jair Bolsonaro, in full Jair Messias Bolsonaro , (born March...
Alvar Aalto summary
Alvar Aalto, (born Feb. 3, 1898, Kuortane, Fin., Russian Empire—died...
Ferhat (Mekki) Abbas summary
Ferhat (Mekki) Abbas, (born Aug. 24, 1899, Chahna, Alg.—died...
ʿAbbās I summary
ʿAbbās I, known as ʿAbbās the Great , (born Jan. 27, 1571—died...
Grace Abbott summary
Grace Abbott, (born Nov. 17, 1878, Grand Island, Neb., U.S.—died...
ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān summary
ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān, (born 646/647, Medina, Arabia—died...
Abd el-Krim summary
Abd el-Krim, in full Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Khaṭṭābī ,...
Abdelkader summary
Abdelkader, in full ʿAbd al-Qādir ibn Muḥyī al-Dīn ibn Musṭafā...
Muḥammad ʿAbduh summary
Muḥammad ʿAbduh, Egyptian religious scholar, jurist, and liberal...
Academy Awards summary
Academy Awards, Annual awards of merit in the U.S.
rights of the accused summary
rights of the accused, In law, the rights and privileges of...
John Emerich Edward Dahlberg Acton, 1st Baron Acton summary
John Emerich Edward Dahlberg Acton, 1st Baron Acton, (born Jan.10,...
John Quincy Adams summary
John Quincy Adams, (born July 11, 1767, Braintree, Mass.—died...
Jane Addams summary
Jane Addams, (born Sept. 6, 1860, Cedarville, Ill., U.S.—died...
Mortimer J. Adler summary
Mortimer J.
adoption summary
adoption, Act of transferring parental rights and duties to...
affirmative action summary
affirmative action, In the U.S., the effort to improve the employment...
African National Congress summary
African National Congress (ANC), South African political party...
Louis Agassiz summary
Louis Agassiz, (born May 28, 1807, Motier, Switz.—died Dec....
age set summary
age set, Formally organized social group consisting of every...
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa summary
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa,
(born 63 bc?
—died March, 12 bc
,...
Emilio Aguinaldo summary
Emilio Aguinaldo, (born March 23, 1869, near Cavite, Luzon,...
Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan summary
Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan, (born Oct. 17, 1817, Delhi—died March...
Akbar summary
Akbar, in full Abū al-Fatḥ Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Akbar , (born...
Akhenaton summary
Akhenaton, or Akhnaton orig.
Alexander I summary
Alexander I, Russian Aleksandr Pavlovich , (born Dec. 23, 1777,...
Alexander II summary
Alexander II, Russian Aleksandr Nikolayevich , (born April 29,...
Alexander III summary
Alexander III, Russian Aleksandr Aleksandrovich , (born March...
Association of Algerian Reformist ʿUlamāʾ summary
Association of Algerian Reformist ʿUlamāʾ, Group of Muslim religious...
America’s Cup summary
America’s Cup, Most prestigious trophy in international yachting...
anarchism summary
anarchism, Political theory holding all forms of government...
animal rights summary
animal rights, rights, primarily against being killed and being...
Susan B. Anthony summary
Susan B.
Yāsir ʿArafāt summary
Yāsir ʿArafāt, orig.
Aleksey, Count Arakcheyev summary
Aleksey, Count Arakcheyev, (born Oct. 4, 1769, Novgorod province,...
archaeology summary
archaeology, Scientific study of material remains of past human...
Henry Arnold summary
Henry Arnold, known as Hap Arnold , (born June 25, 1886, Gladwyne,...
Art Institute of Chicago summary
Art Institute of Chicago, Museum in Chicago that houses European,...
The Atlanta Journal-Constitution summary
The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Daily morning newspaper published...
Aung San summary
Aung San, (born 1914?, Natmauk, Burma—died July 19, 1947, Rangoon),...
Aung San Suu Kyi summary
Aung San Suu Kyi, (born June 19, 1945, Rangoon, Burma [now Yangon,...
Australian National University summary
Australian National University, Public university in Canberra,...
Al-Azhar University summary
Al-Azhar University, Chief school of Islamic and Arabic learning...
Joan Baez summary
Joan Baez, (born Jan. 9, 1941, Staten Island, New York, N.Y.,...
B’nai B’rith summary
B’nai B’rith, (Hebrew: “Sons of the Covenant”) Oldest and largest...
ASEAN summary
ASEAN, in full Association of Southeast Asian Nations , International...
academy summary
academy, Society of learned individuals organized to advance...
Afrocentrism summary
Afrocentrism, Cultural, political, and ideological movement.
African National Congress summary
African National Congress (ANC), South African political party...
Key Facts About the American Civil Rights Movement
This is a list of key facts about the American civil rights movement,...
Causes and Effects of the American Civil Rights Movement
This is a list of some of the causes and effects of the American...
anthropology summary
anthropology, The “science of humanity.” Anthropologists study...
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk summary
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, orig.
Otto, prince von Bismarck summary
Otto, prince von Bismarck, (born April 1, 1815, Schönhausen,...
Confucius summary
Confucius, Chinese Kongfuzi or K’ung-fu-tzu , (born 551 bc,...
Oliver Cromwell summary
Oliver Cromwell, (born April 25, 1599, Huntingdon, Huntingdonshire,...
Cultural Revolution summary
Cultural Revolution, officially Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution...
Charles Darwin summary
Charles Darwin, (born Feb. 12, 1809, Shrewsbury, Shropshire,...
democracy summary
democracy, Form of government in which supreme power is vested...
Encyclopædia Britannica summary
Encyclopædia Britannica, The oldest English-language general...
Jane Fonda summary
Jane Fonda, (born Dec. 21, 1937, New York, N.Y., U.S.), U.S.
Frederick II summary
Frederick II, German Friedrich known as Frederick the Great ,...
Sigmund Freud summary
Sigmund Freud, (born May 6, 1856, Freiberg, Moravia, Austrian...
Adolf Hitler summary
Adolf Hitler, (born April 20, 1889, Braunau am Inn, Austria—died...
human rights summary
human rights, Rights that belong to an individual as a consequence...
Thomas Jefferson summary
Thomas Jefferson, (born April 13, 1743, Shadwell, Va.—died July...
language summary
language, System of conventional spoken or written symbols used...
library summary
library, Collection of information resources, in print or in...
Abraham Lincoln summary
Abraham Lincoln, (born Feb. 12, 1809, near Hodgenville, Ky.,...
linguistics summary
linguistics, Study of the nature and structure of language.
John Locke summary
John Locke, (born Aug. 29, 1632, Wrington, Somerset, Eng.—died...
modernization summary
modernization, Transformation of a society from a rural and...
museum summary
museum, Public institution dedicated to preserving and interpreting...
Northwest Ordinances summary
Northwest Ordinances, (1784, 1785, 1787)Measures enacted by...
Peter I summary
Peter I, Russian Pyotr Alekseyevich known as Peter the Great...
Plato summary
Plato , (born 428/427, Athens, Greece—died 348/347 bc, Athens),...
race summary
race, Term once commonly used in physical anthropology to denote...
Jean-Jacques Rousseau summary
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, (born June 28, 1712, Geneva, Switz.—died...
slavery summary
slavery, Condition in which one human being is owned by another.
Stone Age summary
Stone Age, First known period of prehistoric human culture,...
Trail of Tears summary
Trail of Tears, Forced migration in the United States of the...
United Nations summary
United Nations (UN), International organization founded (1945)...
Arab Spring summary
Arab Spring, Series of protests and uprisings in late 2010 and...
Notable Figures of the Black Panther Party
Find out more about the people who founded the Black Panther...
Declaration of Independence Key Facts
List of key facts related to the Declaration of Independence....
Declaration of Independence Timeline
Timeline of significant events related to the Declaration of...
Declaration of Independence Causes and Effects
List of some of the major causes and effects of the Declaration...
Martin Luther King, Jr. Timeline
Timeline of significant events related to Martin Luther King,...
Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Achievements
List of major achievements by Martin Luther King, Jr. Inspired...
Napoleon I Timeline
Timeline of events in the life of Napoleon I, emperor of France...
Napoleon I’s Achievements
List of some of the most notable achievements of Napoleon I,...
British Empire Timeline
Timeline of major events in the history of the British Empire....
Key People of the British Empire
List of some of the major figures in the history of the British...
Decline of the British Empire
At the height of the British Empire its colonies and other territories...
Martin Luther Timeline
A timeline of the life of Martin Luther who inaugurated the Protestant...
Martin Luther’s Achievements
Summary of the achievements of Martin Luther, the German priest...
Magna Carta Key Facts
List of important facts related to the Magna Carta, which was...
Magna Carta Timeline
Timeline of significant events related to the Magna Carta, including...
Magna Carta Causes and Effects
List of some of the major causes and effects of the influential...
Abolitionism Key Facts
List of key facts regarding abolitionism. Beginning in the late...
Abolitionism Timeline
Timeline of major events related to abolitionism, which sought...
Causes and Effects of Abolitionism
Lists of some of the causes and effects of abolitionism. The...
Key Facts of the American Civil War
List of some of the important facts of the American Civil War,...
American Civil War Timeline
Timeline of significant events related to the American Civil...
Causes and Effects of the American Civil War
Lists covering some of the major causes and effects of the American...
Jim Crow Laws Key Facts
A list of key facts about the set of laws known as Jim Crow laws,...
Jim Crow Laws Timeline
A timeline covering the origins and history of Jim Crow laws,...
Jim Crow Laws Causes and Effects
A list of some of the major causes and effects of the laws known...
Mahatma Gandhi Timeline
Timeline of key events in the ‘life of Mahatma Gandhi, leader...
Mahatma Gandhi’s Achievements
List of some of the major achievements of Mahatma Gandhi who...
Abraham Lincoln Timeline
A timeline of events in the life of Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S....
Abraham Lincoln’s Achievements
A list of some of the most important achievements of Abraham...
John D. Rockefeller Timeline
Timeline of important events in the life of American industrialist...
John D. Rockefeller’s Achievements
List of some of the significant achievements of John D. Rockefeller,...
Women’s Suffrage in the United States Key Facts
List of important facts regarding women’s suffrage in the United...
Women’s Suffrage in the United States Timeline
Timeline showing how the push for equal voting rights for women...
Causes and Effects of Women’s Suffrage in the United States
Lists of major causes and effects of women’s suffrage in United...
Dred Scott Decision Key Facts
Key facts related to the controversial 1857 ruling of the U.S....
Dred Scott Decision Timeline
Timeline of events related to the Dred Scott decision. In the...
Dred Scott Decision Causes and Effects
List of some of the major causes and effects of the Dred Scott...
Susan B. Anthony Timeline
A timeline of the life of American activist Susan B. Anthony...
Susan B. Anthony’s Achievements
A descriptive list of the major achievements of American activist...
Harriet Tubman Timeline
A timeline of significant events in the life of Harriet Tubman,...
Harriet Tubman’s Achievements
A summary of Harriet Tubman’s many achievements, including her...
Toussaint Louverture Timeline
Timeline of significant events in the life of Toussaint Louverture,...
Toussaint Louverture’s Achievements
List of some of the most important achievements of Toussaint...
Booker T. Washington Timeline
Timeline of important events in the life of Booker T. Washington,...
Booker T. Washington’s Achievements
Descriptive summary of the many achievements of Booker T. Washington...
Organization of American States summary
Organization of American States (OAS), International organization...
Antiochus IV Epiphanes summary
Antiochus IV Epiphanes , (born c. 215—died 164 bc, Tabae, Iran),...
apartheid summary
apartheid , (Afrikaans: “apartness” or “separateness”) Policy...
Obafemi Awolowo summary
Obafemi Awolowo, (born March 6, 1909, Ikenne, Colony and Protectorate...
Karl Ernst, knight von Baer summary
Karl Ernst, knight von Baer, (born Feb. 29, 1792, Piep, Est.,...
Bauhaus summary
Bauhaus , (German: “House of Building”) (1919–33) Influential,...
Baybars I summary
Baybars I, or Baibars , (born c. 1223, north of the Black Sea—died...
Simone de Beauvoir summary
Simone de Beauvoir, (born Jan. 9, 1908, Paris, France—died April...
Cesare Beccaria summary
Cesare Beccaria, (born March 15, 1738, Milan—died Nov. 28, 1794,...
Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali summary
Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali, (born Sept. 3, 1938, near Sousse, Tun.),...
David Ben-Gurion summary
David Ben-Gurion, orig.
Jeremy Bentham summary
Jeremy Bentham, (born Feb. 15, 1748, London, Eng.—died June...
Louis Blanc summary
Louis Blanc, (born Oct. 29, 1811, Madrid, Spain—died Dec. 6,...
Der Blaue Reiter summary
Der Blaue Reiter, (German: “The Blue Rider”) Organization of...
Léon Blum summary
Léon Blum, (born April 9, 1872, Paris, France—died March 30,...
Franz Boas summary
Franz Boas, (born July 9, 1858, Minden, Westphalia [Germany]—died...
Saint Bonaventure summary
Saint Bonaventure, (born 1217, Bagnoregio, Papal States—died...
Subhas Chandra Bose summary
Subhas Chandra Bose, (born Jan. 23, 1897, Cuttack, Orissa, India—died...
Habib Bourguiba summary
Habib Bourguiba, (born Aug. 3, 1903, Monastir, Tun.—died April...
Louis Brandeis summary
Louis Brandeis, (born Nov. 13, 1856, Louisville, Ky., U.S.—died...
Amílcar Cabral summary
Amílcar Cabral, (born 1921, Bafata, Portuguese Guinea—died Jan....
John C. Calhoun summary
John C.
Caracalla summary
Caracalla , officially Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Augustus...
Lázaro Cárdenas summary
Lázaro Cárdenas, (born May 21, 1895, Jiquilpan, Mex.—died Oct....
Andrew Carnegie summary
Andrew Carnegie, (born Nov. 25, 1835, Dunfermline, Fife, Scot.—died...
Camillo Benso, count di Cavour summary
Camillo Benso, count di Cavour, (born Aug. 10, 1810, Turin,...
Zhang Zhidong summary
Zhang Zhidong, or Chang Chih-tung , (born Sept. 2, 1837, Xingyi,...
Chinese Communist Party summary
Chinese Communist Party (CCP), Political party founded in China...
Cleisthenes of Athens summary
Cleisthenes of Athens, (born c. 570 bc—died c. 508), Athenian...
Jean-Baptiste Colbert summary
Jean-Baptiste Colbert, (born Aug. 29, 1619, Reims, France—died...
John Amos Comenius summary
John Amos Comenius, Czech Jan Amos Komenský , (born March 28,...
Auguste Comte summary
Auguste Comte, (born Jan. 19, 1798, Montpellier, France—died...
Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de Condorcet summary
Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de Condorcet,...
Le Corbusier summary
Le Corbusier , orig.
Darius I summary
Darius I, known as Darius the Great , (born 550—died 486 bc),...
Eamon de Valera summary
Eamon de Valera, orig.
Ferenc Deák summary
Ferenc Deák, (born Oct. 17, 1803, Söjtör, Hung., Austrian Empire—died...
Deng Xiaoping summary
Deng Xiaoping , or Teng Hsiao-p’ing , (born Aug. 22, 1904, Guang’an,...
Diocletian summary
Diocletian , Latin Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus orig.
Benjamin Disraeli, earl of Beaconsfield summary
Benjamin Disraeli, earl of Beaconsfield, (born Dec. 21, 1804,...
Saint Katharine Drexel summary
Saint Katharine Drexel, (born Nov. 26, 1858, Philadelphia, Pa.,...
Émile Durkheim summary
Émile Durkheim, (born April 15, 1858, Épinal, France—died Nov....
Dwight D. Eisenhower summary
Dwight D.
Epaminondas summary
Epaminondas , (born c. 410, Thebes—died 362 bc, Mantineia),...
Louis Farrakhan summary
Louis Farrakhan, orig.
Fatah summary
Fatah , inverted acronym of Ḥarakat al-Taḥrīr al-Waṭanī al-Filasṭīnī...
Johann Gottlieb Fichte summary
Johann Gottlieb Fichte, (born May 19, 1762, Rammenau, Upper...
Saint Francis of Assisi summary
Saint Francis of Assisi, orig.
Betty Friedan summary
Betty Friedan, orig.
Friedrich Froebel summary
Friedrich Froebel, or Friedrich Wilhelm Fröbel , (born April...
Léon Gambetta summary
Léon Gambetta, (born April 2, 1838, Cahors, France—died Dec....
Giuseppe Garibaldi summary
Giuseppe Garibaldi, (born July 4, 1807, Nice, French Empire—died...
Frank O. Gehry summary
Frank O.
Gaius Sempronius Gracchus summary
Gaius Sempronius Gracchus, (born c. 160—died 121 bc, Grove of...
Walter Gropius summary
Walter Gropius, (born May 18, 1883, Berlin, Ger.—died July 5,...
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum summary
Solomon R.
Jürgen Habermas summary
Jürgen Habermas, (born June 18, 1929), German philosopher associated...
Haile Selassie summary
Haile Selassie , orig.
Hanfeizi summary
Hanfeizi , or Han-fei-tzu , (died 233 bc, China), Greatest of...
Hanseatic League summary
Hanseatic League , or Hansa , (from German Hanse, “association”)...
Karl August, prince von Hardenberg summary
Karl August, prince von Hardenberg, (born May 31, 1750, Essenrode,...
Haskala summary
Haskala, or Haskalah , Intellectual movement in European Judaism...
Henry II summary
Henry II, known as Henry of Anjou or Henry Plantagenet , (born...
Theodor Herzl summary
Theodor Herzl, (born May 2, 1860, Budapest, Hungary—died July...
Xuanzong summary
Xuanzong, or Hsüan-tsung orig.
Hu Shih summary
Hu Shih , or Hu Shi , (born Dec. 17, 1891, Shanghai, China—died...
Jan Hus summary
Jan Hus, or Jan Huss , (born c. 1370, Husinec, Bohemia—died...
intifāḍah summary
intifāḍah , (Arabic: “shaking off”) Palestinian revolt (1987–93,...
Isocrates summary
Isocrates , (born 436, Athens—died 338 bc, Athens), Athenian...
Ivan III summary
Ivan III, known as Ivan the Great , (born Jan. 22, 1440, Moscow—died...
Jesuit summary
Jesuit , Member of the Roman Catholic order of religious men...
Saint John XXIII summary
Saint John XXIII, orig.
Benito Juárez summary
Benito Juárez, (born March 21, 1806, San Pablo Guelatao, Oaxaca,...
Kangxi emperor summary
Kangxi emperor, or K’ang-hsi emperor , (born May 4, 1654, Beijing,...
Kang Youwei summary
Kang Youwei, or K’ang Yu-wei , (born March 19, 1858, Guangdong...
Kenneth Kaunda summary
Kenneth Kaunda, (born April 28, 1924, Lubwa, near Chinsali,...
Jomo Kenyatta summary
Jomo Kenyatta, (born c. 1894, Ichaweri, British East Africa—died...
Khmer Rouge summary
Khmer Rouge , (French: “Red Khmer”) Radical communist movement...
Ruhollah Khomeini summary
Ruhollah Khomeini, orig.
Khosrow I summary
Khosrow I, or Khosrow Anūshīrvān , (died 579), Persian king...
Lajos Kossuth summary
Lajos Kossuth, (born Sept. 19, 1802, Monok, Hung.—died March...
Peter Kropotkin summary
Peter Kropotkin, (born Dec. 21, 1842, Moscow, Russia—died Feb....
Kublai Khan summary
Kublai Khan , (born 1215—died 1294), Grandson of Genghis Khan...
Kurdistan Workers’ Party summary
Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), Militant Kurdish nationalist...
Robert M. La Follette summary
Robert M.
Jean-Baptiste de Monet, knight de Lamarck summary
Jean-Baptiste de Monet, knight de Lamarck, (born Aug. 1, 1744,...
Alphonse de Lamartine summary
Alphonse de Lamartine, (born Oct. 21, 1790, Mâcon, France—died...
Sir Wilfrid Laurier summary
Sir Wilfrid Laurier, (born Nov. 20, 1841, Saint-Lin, Canada...
Leo III summary
Leo III, known as Leo the Isaurian , (born c. 675, Germanicia,...
Saint Leo IX summary
Saint Leo IX, orig.
Lin Zexu summary
Lin Zexu , or Lin Tse-hsü , (born Aug. 30, 1785, Houguan, Fujian...
Liu Shaoqi summary
Liu Shaoqi , or Liu Shao-ch’i , (born Nov. 24, 1898, Ningxiang...
Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov summary
Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, (born Nov. 19, 1711, near Kholmogory,...
François-Michel Le Tellier, marquis de Louvois summary
François-Michel Le Tellier, marquis de Louvois, (baptized Jan....
Louvre Museum summary
Louvre Museum, National museum and art gallery of France, in...
Patrice Lumumba summary
Patrice Lumumba, (born July 2, 1925, Onalua, Belgian Congo—died...
Mahathir bin Mohamad summary
Mahathir bin Mohamad , in full Datuk Seri Mahathir bin Mohamad...
Bronisław Malinowski summary
Bronisław Malinowski, (born April 7, 1884, Kraków, Pol., Austria-Hungary—died...
Thomas Robert Malthus summary
Thomas Robert Malthus, (born Feb. 13/14, 1766, Rookery, near...
Nelson Mandela summary
Nelson Mandela, (born July 18, 1918, Umtata, Cape of Good Hope,...
Maria Theresa summary
Maria Theresa , German Maria Theresia , (born May 13, 1717,...
marquess summary
marquess , or marquis , European title of nobility, ranking...
Matthias I summary
Matthias I, or Matthias Corvinus Hungarian Mátyás Corvin orig.
Giuseppe Mazzini summary
Giuseppe Mazzini, (born June 22, 1805, Genoa—died March 10,...
Mehmed II summary
Mehmed II, byname Mehmed the Conqueror , (born March 30, 1432,...
Richard Meier summary
Richard Meier, (born Oct. 12, 1934, Newark, N.J., U.S.), U.S.
Menilek II summary
Menilek II , orig.
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe summary
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, orig.
Slobodan Milošević summary
Slobodan Milošević, (born Aug. 29, 1941, Požarevac, Serbia,...
Helmuth, count von Moltke summary
Helmuth, count von Moltke, (born Oct. 26, 1800, Parchim, Mecklenburg—died...
Maria Montessori summary
Maria Montessori, (born Aug. 31, 1870, Chiaravalle, near Ancona,...
Robert Mugabe summary
Robert Mugabe, (born Feb. 21, 1924, Kutama, Southern Rhodesia...
Muhammad I Askia summary
Muhammad I Askia , or Muhammad Ture , (died March 2, 1538, Gao,...
Muḥammad ibn Tughluq summary
Muḥammad ibn Tughluq , (born c. 1290, Delhi, India—died March...
John Muir summary
John Muir, (born April 21, 1838, Dunbar, East Lothian, Scot.—died...
Thomas Müntzer summary
Thomas Müntzer, or Thomas Munzer , (born sometime before 1490,...
Joachim Murat summary
Joachim Murat, (born March 25, 1767, La Bastide-Fortunière,...
Benito Mussolini summary
Benito Mussolini, known as Il Duce , (born July 29, 1883, Predappio,...
U Ne Win summary
U Ne Win, or Shu Maung , (born May 24, 1911, Paungdale, Burma—died...
Jacques Necker summary
Jacques Necker, (born Sept. 30, 1732, Geneva, Switz.—died April...
Jawaharlal Nehru summary
Jawaharlal Nehru, (born Nov. 14, 1889, Allahabad, India—died...
Nikon summary
Nikon , orig.
Kwame Nkrumah summary
Kwame Nkrumah, (born September 1909, Nkroful, Gold Coast—died...
Alfred Nobel summary
Alfred Nobel, (born Oct. 21, 1833, Stockholm, Swed.—died Dec....
Julius Nyerere summary
Julius Nyerere, (born March 1922, Butiama, Tanganyika—died Oct....
Axel, Count Oxenstierna summary
Axel, Count Oxenstierna, (born June 16, 1583, Fånö, near Uppsala,...
Charles Stewart Parnell summary
Charles Stewart Parnell, (born June 27, 1846, Avondale, County...
Nikola Pašić summary
Nikola Pašić, (born Dec. 31, 1845, Zaječar, Serbia—died Dec....
Vallabhbhai Patel summary
Vallabhbhai Patel, known as Sardar Patel , (born Oct. 31, 1875,...
Peisistratus summary
Peisistratus , or Pisistratus , (died 527 bc), Tyrant of Athens...
penology summary
penology , Branch of criminology dealing with prison management...
Pericles summary
Pericles , (born c. 495, Athens—died 429 bc, Athens), Athenian...
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi summary
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, (born , Jan. 12, 1746, Zürich, Switz.—died...
Saint Peter Damian summary
Saint Peter Damian, (born 1007, Ravenna—died Feb. 22, 1072,...
Józef Piłsudski summary
Józef Piłsudski, (born Dec. 5, 1867, Żułów, Pol., Russian Empire—died...
Saint Pius V summary
Saint Pius V, orig.
Konstantin Pobedonostsev summary
Konstantin Pobedonostsev, (born May 21, 1827, Moscow, Russia—died...
Sebastião de Carvalho, marquess de Pombal summary
Sebastião de Carvalho, marquess de Pombal, (born May 13, 1699,...
public relations summary
public relations (PR), Aspect of communications that involves...
John Pym summary
John Pym, (born 1583/84, Brymore, Somerset, Eng.—died Dec. 8,...
Rajput summary
Rajput , Any member of a caste of landowners located mainly...
Rastafarian summary
Rastafarian , Member of a political and religious movement among...
Henri de summary
Henri de, (born Oct. 17, 1760, Paris, France—died May 19, 1825,...
Andrey Sakharov summary
Andrey Sakharov, (born May 21, 1921, Moscow, Russia—died Dec....
Girolamo Savonarola summary
Girolamo Savonarola, (born Sept. 21, 1452, Ferrara, duchy of...
Sennacherib summary
Sennacherib , (died January 681 bc), King of Assyria (r. 705/704–681...
Shaka summary
Shaka , (born c. 1787—died Sept. 22, 1828), Zulu chief (1816–28),...
Shihuangdi summary
Shihuangdi, or Shih Huang-ti orig.
Solon summary
Solon , (born c. 630—died c. 560 bc), Athenian statesman, reformer,...
Mikhail, Count Speransky summary
Mikhail, Count Speransky, (born Jan. 12, 1772, Cherkutino, Russia—died...
Madame de Staël summary
Madame de Staël, orig.
Stefan Dušan summary
Stefan Dušan , or Stefan Uroš IV , (born 1308—died Dec. 20,...
Karl, imperial baron vom und zum Stein summary
Karl, imperial baron vom und zum Stein, (born Oct. 26, 1757,...
Harriet Beecher Stowe summary
Harriet Beecher Stowe, orig.
Sun Yat-sen summary
Sun Yat-sen , or Sun Yixian , (born Nov. 12, 1866, Xiangshan,...
Saint Teresa of Ávila summary
Saint Teresa of Ávila, orig.
Theodosius I summary
Theodosius I , or Theodosius the Great in full Flavius Theodosius...
Bal Gangadhar Tilak summary
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, (born July 23, 1856, Ratnagiri, India—died...
Alfred von Tirpitz summary
Alfred von Tirpitz, (born March 19, 1849, Küstrin, Prussia—died...
Josip Broz Tito summary
Josip Broz Tito, orig.
Toussaint Louverture summary
Toussaint Louverture , orig.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi summary
Toyotomi Hideyoshi , (born 1536/37, Nakamura, Owari province,...
Agrippina Vaganova summary
Agrippina Vaganova, (born July 6, 1879, St.
Getúlio Vargas summary
Getúlio Vargas, (born April 19, 1882, São Borja, Braz.—died...
Eleuthérios Venizélos summary
Eleuthérios Venizélos, (born Aug. 23, 1864, Mourniés, Crete,...
Vespasian summary
Vespasian , in full Caesar Vespasianus Augustus orig.
Giambattista Vico summary
Giambattista Vico, (born June 23, 1668, Naples—died Jan. 23,...
Rudolf Virchow summary
Rudolf Virchow, (born Oct. 13, 1821, Schivelbein, Pomerania,...
Lech Wałęsa summary
Lech Wałęsa, (born Sept. 29, 1943, Popowo, near Włocławek, Pol.),...
Wang Anshi summary
Wang Anshi, or Wang An-shih , (born 1021, Linchuan, Jiangsu...
Max Weber summary
Max Weber, (born April 21, 1864, Erfurt, Prussia—died June 14,...
Chaim Weizmann summary
Chaim Weizmann, (born Nov. 27, 1874, Motol, Pol., Russian Empire—died...
Sergey, Count Witte summary
Sergey, Count Witte, (born June 29, 1849, Tiflis, Georgia, Russian...
Mary Wollstonecraft summary
Mary Wollstonecraft, (born April 27, 1759, London, Eng.—died...
Wudi summary
Wudi, or Wu-ti orig.
John Wycliffe summary
John Wycliffe, (c. 1330–1384)British theologian, philosopher,...
Yamagata Aritomo summary
Yamagata Aritomo , (born Aug. 3, 1838, Hagi, Japan—died Feb...
Saʿd Zaghlūl summary
Saʿd Zaghlūl, (born July 1857, Ibyānah, Egypt—died Aug. 23,...
Zoroaster summary
Zoroaster , or Zarathustra , (born c. 628, probably Rhages,...
nongovernmental organization summary
nongovernmental organization (NGO), Organization that is not...
Rachid al-Ghannouchi summary
Rachid al-Ghannouchi, also spelled Rāshid al-Ghannūshī , (born...
Nelson Mandela summary
Nelson Mandela, (born July 18, 1918, Umtata, Cape of Good Hope,...
John McCain summary
John McCain, in full John Sidney McCain III , (born Aug. 29,...
Fidel Castro summary
Fidel Castro, (born Aug. 13, 1926, near Birán, Cuba—died Nov....
gay rights movement summary
gay rights movement, or homosexual rights movement , Civil rights...
Stonewall riots summary
Stonewall riots, (June 28, 1969) Series of violent confrontations...
Lee Kuan Yew summary
Lee Kuan Yew, (born Sept. 16, 1923, Singapore—died March 23,...
Juan Carlos I summary
Juan Carlos I, (born Jan. 5, 1938, Rome, Italy), King of Spain...
Muḥammad ʿAlī summary
Muḥammad ʿAlī, (born 1769, Kavala, Macedonia, Ottoman Empire—died...
Time Warner Inc. summary
Time Warner Inc., Largest media and entertainment conglomerate...
The Washington Post summary
The Washington Post, Morning daily newspaper published in Washington,...
Bill Gates summary
Bill Gates, in full William Henry Gates III , (born Oct. 28,...
civil religion summary
civil religion, Set of quasi-religious attitudes, beliefs, rituals,...
Ahmed Ben Bella summary
Ahmed Ben Bella, (born Dec. 25, 1918?, Maghnia, Alg.—died April...
marriage summary
marriage, Legally and socially sanctioned union, usually between...
election summary
election, Formal process by which voters make their political...
Horace Greeley summary
Horace Greeley, (born Feb. 3, 1811, Amherst, N.H., U.S.—died...
liberalism summary
liberalism, Political and economic doctrine that emphasizes...
socialism summary
socialism, System of social organization in which private property...
sociology summary
sociology, Science of society, social institutions, and social...
propaganda summary
propaganda, Manipulation of information to influence public...
kinship summary
kinship, System of social organization between people who are...
Helen Keller summary
Helen Keller, (born June 27, 1880, Tuscumbia, Ala., U.S.—died...
feminism summary
feminism, Social movement that seeks equal rights for women.
globalization summary
globalization, Process by which the experience of everyday life,...
censorship summary
censorship, Act of changing or suppressing speech or writing...
Mary Robinson summary
Mary Robinson, orig.
Labour Party summary
Labour Party, British political party whose historic links with...
untouchable summary
untouchable, Former classification of various low-status persons...
Irish Potato Famine summary
Irish Potato Famine, (1845–49)Famine that occurred in Ireland...
Nation of Islam summary
Nation of Islam, or Black Muslims , African American religious...
Charles James Fox summary
Charles James Fox, (born Jan. 24, 1749, London, Eng.—died Sept....
social class summary
social class, Group of people within a society who possess the...
Raúl Castro summary
Raúl Castro, (born June 3, 1931, Holguín province, Cuba), head...
social service summary
social service, also called social work , Any of various professional...
interest group summary
interest group, or pressure group , any association of individuals...
consanguinity summary
consanguinity, Kinship characterized by the sharing of common...
hunting and gathering culture summary
hunting and gathering culture, also called foraging culture ,...
William Pitt, the Younger summary
William Pitt, the Younger, (born May 28, 1759, Hayes, Kent,...
Bernardo O’Higgins summary
Bernardo O’Higgins, (born probably Aug. 20, 1776/78, Chillán,...
terrorism summary
terrorism, Systematic use of violence to create a general climate...
Royal Society (of London for Improving Natural Knowledge) summary
Royal Society (of London for Improving Natural Knowledge), Leading...
Nobel Prize summary
Nobel Prize, Any of the prizes awarded annually by four institutions...
World Heritage site summary
World Heritage site, Any of various areas or objects designated...
public school summary
public school, or independent school , In the United Kingdom,...
philosophy of education summary
philosophy of education, Application of philosophical methods...
Zora Neale Hurston summary
Zora Neale Hurston, (born Jan. 7, 1891, Notasulga, Ala., U.S.—died...
University of California summary
University of California, U.S.
Indian National Congress summary
Indian National Congress, or Congress Party , Broadly based...
continuing education summary
continuing education, or adult education , Any form of learning...
John D. Rockefeller summary
John D.
Horace Mann summary
Horace Mann, (born May 4, 1796, Franklin, Mass., U.S.—died Aug....
environmentalism summary
environmentalism, Advocacy of the preservation or improvement...
teaching summary
teaching, Profession of those who give instruction, especially...
family summary
family, Basic social unit consisting of persons united by ties...
UNESCO summary
UNESCO, in full United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural...
Matthew Arnold summary
Matthew Arnold, (born Dec. 24, 1822, Laleham, Middlesex, Eng.—died...
Roger Bacon summary
Roger Bacon, (born c. 1220, Ilchester, Somerset, or Bisley,...
William, Lord Bentinck summary
William, Lord Bentinck, (born Sept. 14, 1774, Bulstrode, Buckinghamshire,...
Hugo Black summary
Hugo Black, (born Feb. 27, 1886, Clay county, Ala., U.S.—died...
John Bright summary
John Bright, (born Nov. 16, 1811, Rochdale, Lancashire, Eng.—died...
John Brown summary
John Brown, (born May 9, 1800, Torrington, Conn., U.S.—died...
Daniel H. Burnham summary
Daniel H.
University of Cambridge summary
University of Cambridge, Autonomous institution of higher learning...
Joseph Chamberlain summary
Joseph Chamberlain, (born July 8, 1836, London, Eng.—died July...
Frederic John Napier Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford summary
Frederic John Napier Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford, (born...
Robert, 1st Baron Clive summary
Robert, 1st Baron Clive, (born Sept. 29, 1725, Styche, Shropshire,...
Evelyn Baring, 1st earl of Cromer summary
Evelyn Baring, 1st earl of Cromer, (born Feb. 26, 1841, Cromer...
Thomas Cromwell, earl of Essex summary
Thomas Cromwell, earl of Essex, (born c. 1485, Putney, near...
Dorothy Day summary
Dorothy Day, (born Nov. 8, 1897, New York, N.Y., U.S.—died Nov....
academic degree summary
academic degree, Title conferred by a college or university...
John Dewey summary
John Dewey, (born Oct. 20, 1859, Burlington, Vt., U.S.—died...
Princess Diana summary
Princess Diana, orig.
Frederick Douglass summary
Frederick Douglass, orig.
Council of Europe summary
Council of Europe, Organization of more than 40 European states...
Henry Ford summary
Henry Ford, (born July 30, 1863, Wayne county, Mich., U.S.—died...
Felix Frankfurter summary
Felix Frankfurter, (born Nov. 15, 1882, Vienna, Austria-Hungary—died...
Margaret Fuller summary
Margaret Fuller, married name Marchesa Ossoli , (born May 23,...
Sir Francis Galton summary
Sir Francis Galton, (born Feb. 16, 1822, near Sparkbrook, Birmingham,...
William Lloyd Garrison summary
William Lloyd Garrison, (born Dec. 10/12, 1805, Newburyport,...
Order of the Garter summary
Order of the Garter, English order of knighthood founded by...
Charlotte Perkins Gilman summary
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, (born July 3, 1860, Hartford, Conn.,...
William E. Gladstone summary
William E.
Saint Gregory I summary
Saint Gregory I, known as Gregory the Great , (born c. 540,...
Warren Hastings summary
Warren Hastings, (born Dec. 6, 1732, Churchill, near Daylesford,...
Audrey Hepburn summary
Audrey Hepburn, orig.
William Hogarth summary
William Hogarth, (born Nov. 10, 1697, London, Eng.—died Oct....
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. summary
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., (born March 8, 1841, Boston, Mass.—died...
human migration summary
human migration, Permanent change of residence by an individual...
Mohammed Ali Jinnah summary
Mohammed Ali Jinnah, (born Dec. 25, 1876, Karachi, India—died...
Lyndon B. Johnson summary
Lyndon B.
Inigo Jones summary
Inigo Jones, (born July 15, 1573, Smithfield, London, Eng.—died...
John F. Kennedy summary
John F.
Robert F. Kennedy summary
Robert F.
Bartolomé de Las Casas summary
Bartolomé de Las Casas, (born August 1474, Sevilla?—died July...
David Lloyd George, Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor summary
David Lloyd George, Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor, (born Jan....
Thurgood Marshall summary
Thurgood Marshall, (born July 2, 1908, Baltimore, Md., U.S.—died...
Tomáš Masaryk summary
Tomáš Masaryk, (born March 7, 1850, near Gölding, Moravia, Austrian...
Billy Mitchell summary
Billy Mitchell, orig.
Robert Owen summary
Robert Owen, (born May 14, 1771, Newtown, Montgomeryshire, Wales—died...
University of Oxford summary
University of Oxford, Autonomous university at Oxford, Oxfordshire,...
Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet summary
Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet, (born Feb. 5, 1788, Bury, Lancashire,...
William Penn summary
William Penn, (born Oct. 14, 1644, London, Eng.—died July 30,...
John Wesley Powell summary
John Wesley Powell, (born March 24, 1834, Mount Morris, N.Y.,...
Reza Shah Pahlavi summary
Reza Shah Pahlavi, (born March 16, 1878, Alasht, Qājār Iran—died...
Cecil Rhodes summary
Cecil Rhodes, (born July 5, 1853, Bishop’s Stortford, Hertfordshire,...
Ram Mohun Roy summary
Ram Mohun Roy, (born May 22, 1772, Radhanagar, Bengal, India—died...
John Ruskin summary
John Ruskin, (born Feb. 8, 1819, London, Eng.—died Jan. 20,...
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell summary
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, (born Aug. 18, 1792, London,...
Margaret Sanger summary
Margaret Sanger, orig.
Herbert Spencer summary
Herbert Spencer, (born April 27, 1820, Derby, Derbyshire, Eng.—died...
Elizabeth Cady Stanton summary
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, orig.
Sulla summary
Sulla, (born c. 138—died 79 bc, Puteoli, near Naples), Victor...
Clarence Thomas summary
Clarence Thomas, (born June 23, 1948, Pinpoint, near Savannah,...
The Times summary
The Times, Daily newspaper published in London, one of Britain’s...
Pierre Trudeau summary
Pierre Trudeau, (born Oct. 18, 1919, Montreal, Que., Can.—died...
Sir Edward Burnett Tylor summary
Sir Edward Burnett Tylor, (born Oct. 2, 1832, London, Eng.—died...
Sir Francis Walsingham summary
Sir Francis Walsingham, (born c. 1532, probably Footscray, Kent,...
Booker T. Washington summary
Booker T.
Peace of Westphalia summary
Peace of Westphalia, (1648) European settlements that ended...
Alfred North Whitehead summary
Alfred North Whitehead, (born Feb. 15, 1861, Ramsgate, Isle...
John Greenleaf Whittier summary
John Greenleaf Whittier, (born Dec. 17, 1807, near Haverhill,...
William Wilberforce summary
William Wilberforce, (born Aug. 24, 1759, Hull, Yorkshire, Eng.—died...
John Wilkes summary
John Wilkes, (born Oct. 17, 1725, London, Eng.—died Dec. 26,...
Victoria Woodhull summary
Victoria Woodhull, orig.
Frances Wright summary
Frances Wright, known as Fanny Wright , (born Sept. 6, 1795,...
Alan Dershowitz summary
Alan Dershowitz, (born Sept. 1, 1938, Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.),...
Henry Ford summary
Henry Ford, (born July 30, 1863, Wayne county, Mich., U.S.—died...
Edward IV summary
Edward IV, (born April 28, 1442, Rouen, France—died April 9,...
Jeremiah summary
Jeremiah, (born probably after 650, Anathoth, Judah—died c....
Justinian I summary
Justinian I, orig.
Napoleon III summary
Napoleon III, or Louis-Napoléon orig.
Suharto summary
Suharto, (born June 8, 1921, Kemusu Argamulja, Java, Dutch East...
duke summary
duke, European title of nobility, the highest rank below a prince...
Ho Chi Minh summary
Ho Chi Minh, orig.
Sukarno summary
Sukarno, (born June 6, 1901, Surabaja, Java, Dutch East Indies—died...
Catherine II summary
Catherine II, Russian Yekaterina Alekseyevna orig.
Charles I summary
Charles I, (born Nov. 19, 1600, Dunfermline Palace, Fife, Scot.—died...
Charles XII summary
Charles XII, Swedish Karl , (born June 17, 1682, Stockholm,...
Frederick William summary
Frederick William, German Friedrich Wilhelm known as the Great...
Gustav II Adolf summary
Gustav II Adolf, Latin Gustavus Adolphus , (born Dec. 9, 1594,...
Louis XIV summary
Louis XIV, known as the Sun King , (born Sept. 5, 1638, Saint-Germain-en-Laye,...
Muslim Brotherhood summary
Muslim Brotherhood, Arabic Al-Ikhwān al-Muslimūn , Religio-political...
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) summary
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), Arabic Munaẓẓamat al-Taḥrīr...
preschool education summary
preschool education, Childhood education during the period from...
prince summary
prince, European title of rank, usually denoting a person exercising...
women’s movement summary
women’s movement, Diverse social movement, largely based in...
Young Turks summary
Young Turks, Turkish Jöntürkler , Coalition of young dissidents...
homosexuality summary
homosexuality, Sexual interest in and attraction to members...
Mafia summary
Mafia, Society of criminals of primarily Italian or Sicilian...
bureaucracy summary
bureaucracy, Professional corps of officials organized in a...
count summary
count, or earl , European title of nobility, ranking in modern...
Independence Day summary
Independence Day, or Fourth of July , Anniversary of the adoption...
Liberal Party summary
Liberal Party, British political party that emerged in the mid-19th...
slave narrative summary
slave narrative, Account of the life, or a major portion of...
urban planning summary
urban planning, Programs pursued as a means of improving the...
powwow summary
powwow, American Indian ceremony or gathering of various kinds.
Black Panther Party (for Self-Defense) summary
Black Panther Party (for Self-Defense), U.S.
New Year’s Day summary
New Year’s Day, First day of the new year, celebrated with religious,...
Charles III summary
Charles III, Spanish Carlos , (born Jan. 20, 1716, Madrid, Spain—died...
Gettysburg Address summary
Gettysburg Address, (Nov. 19, 1863) Speech by Pres.
Joseph II summary
Joseph II, (born March 13, 1741, Vienna—died Feb. 20, 1790,...
slave code summary
slave code, In U.S.
citizenship summary
citizenship, Relationship between an individual and a state...
libertarianism summary
libertarianism, Political philosophy that stresses personal...
Radical Republican summary
Radical Republican, Member of the Republican Party in the 1860s...
refugee summary
refugee, Person involuntarily displaced from his or her homeland.
Regulators of North Carolina summary
Regulators of North Carolina, (1764–71) Vigilance group formed...
Bill of Rights summary
Bill of Rights, First 10 amendments to the Constitution of the...
social psychology summary
social psychology, Branch of psychology concerned with the personality,...
welfare summary
welfare, or social welfare , Any of a variety of governmental...
United States Military Academy summary
United States Military Academy, known as West Point , Institution...
Voting Rights Act summary
Voting Rights Act, Act passed by the U.S.
Los Angeles Times summary
Los Angeles Times, Morning daily newspaper.
nationalism summary
nationalism, Loyalty and devotion to one’s nation or country,...
revolution summary
revolution, In politics, fundamental, rapid, and often irreversible...
Universal Declaration of Human Rights summary
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Declaration adopted by...
think tank summary
think tank, Institute, corporation, or group organized for interdisciplinary...
Wendi summary
Wendi, or Wen-ti orig.
Holocaust Remembrance days summary
Holocaust Remembrance days, International commemoration of the...
baron summary
baron, Title of nobility, ranking in modern times immediately...
Commonwealth summary
Commonwealth, or Commonwealth of Nations , Free association...
Halloween summary
Halloween, Holiday observed on October 31, the eve of All Saints’...
Sylvester II summary
Sylvester II, orig.
Ezra summary
Ezra, (flourished 4th century bc, Babylon and Jerusalem), Jewish...
Nazi Party summary
Nazi Party, German political party of National Socialism.
Compromise of 1850 summary
Compromise of 1850, Series of measures passed by the U.S.
Inns of Court summary
Inns of Court, Four societies of British students and practitioners...
parochial education summary
parochial education, Education offered institutionally by a...
secondary education summary
secondary education, Traditional second stage in formal education,...
special education summary
special education, Education for students (such as the physically...
apprenticeship summary
apprenticeship, Training in an art, trade, or craft under a...
Boniface VIII summary
Boniface VIII, orig.
elementary education summary
elementary education, or primary education , Traditionally,...
Harvard University summary
Harvard University, Oldest institution of higher learning in...
higher education summary
higher education, Study beyond the level of secondary education.
Roger II summary
Roger II, (born Dec. 22, 1095—died Feb. 26, 1154, Palermo),...
Solomon summary
Solomon, (flourished 10th century bc), Son and successor of...
Urban II summary
Urban II, orig.
Louis IV summary
Louis IV, or Ludwig IV known as Louis the Bavarian , (born 1283,...
Rothschild family summary
Rothschild family, European banking dynasty.
communism summary
communism, Political theory advocating community ownership of...
Grammy Awards summary
Grammy Awards, Annual awards given by the Recording Academy...
Belmont family summary
Belmont family, U.S.
census summary
census, Enumeration of people, houses, firms, or other important...
criminology summary
criminology, Scientific study of nonlegal aspects of crime,...
physical anthropology summary
physical anthropology, Branch of anthropology concerned with...
black codes summary
black codes, Laws, enacted in the former Confederate states...
Lincoln-Douglas Debates summary
Lincoln-Douglas Debates, Series of seven debates between Republican...
Missouri Compromise summary
Missouri Compromise, (1820)Act passed by the U.S.
Prohibition summary
Prohibition, Legal prevention of the manufacture, sale, or transportation...
Charles the Bold summary
Charles the Bold, (born Nov. 10, 1433, Dijon, Burgundy [France]—died...
college summary
college, Institution that offers postsecondary education.
feudalism summary
feudalism, Term that emerged in the 17th century that has been...
Frederick I summary
Frederick I, German Friedrich known as Frederick Barbarossa ...
Frederick II summary
Frederick II, German Friedrich , (born Dec. 26, 1194, Jesi,...
Henry III summary
Henry III, German Heinrich , (born Oct. 28, 1017—died Oct. 5,...
Henry IV summary
Henry IV, German Heinrich , (born Nov. 11, 1050, Goslar?, Saxony—died...
Innocent IV summary
Innocent IV, orig.
international organization summary
international organization, Institution drawing membership from...
university summary
university, Institution of higher education, usually comprising...
war summary
war, State of conflict, generally armed, between two or more...
caste summary
caste, Any of the ranked, hereditary, endogamous (see exogamy...
Claudius summary
Claudius, in full Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus...
cultural anthropology summary
cultural anthropology, Branch of anthropology that deals with...
ethnic group summary
ethnic group, Social group or category of the population that,...
Herod summary
Herod, known as Herod the Great , (born 73 bc—died March/April,...
racism summary
racism, Any action, practice, or belief that reflects the racial...
Pan-African movement summary
Pan-African movement, Movement dedicated to establishing independence...