Groundwater Quiz

Question: Compared with water at the surface, in general, how fast does groundwater move?

Answer: Compared with surface water, groundwater moves very slowly, the actual rate dependent on the transmissivity and storage capacity of the aquifer.

Question: What is the process of water entering the soil from the surface called?

Answer: When water from a rainstorm or a period of snowmelt reaches the ground, some or all of it will infiltrate (or seep into) the soil. The rate of infiltration depends on the intensity of the input, the initial moisture condition of the surface soil layer, and the hydraulic characteristics of the soil.

Question: What is a rock layer containing water called?

Answer: An aquifer is a rock layer that contains water and releases it in appreciable amounts. The rock contains water-filled pore spaces, and when the spaces are connected, the water is able to flow through the matrix of the rock.

Question: What is the term for the permanently water-saturated region underground?

Answer: The water table is the upper level of an underground surface in which the soil or rocks are permanently saturated with water. The water table separates the groundwater zone that lies below it from the capillary fringe, or zone of aeration, that lies above it.

Question: What is the naturally occurring spring from which water flows called?

Answer: An artesian well is a well from which water flows under natural pressure without pumping. It is dug or drilled wherever a gently dipping permeable rock layer (such as sandstone) receives water along its outcrop at a level higher than the level of the surface of the ground at the well site.

Question: Which of these terms describes the effect wells have on the height of the water table when they remove water from the soil?

Answer: Drawdown is the process of removing water from the soil that results in the lowering of the height of the water table.

Question: When does saltwater intrusion occur in an aquifer?

Answer: The pressure produced by a volume of fresh water in a coastal aquifer blocks the intrusion of salt water from the ocean. As more and more fresh water is removed, the pressure balance between salt water and fresh water underground is disrupted, and salt water can advance into the ground that once contained fresh water.

Question: What is the aerated region of the soil above the water table called?

Answer: The Vadose zone is the region of aeration above the water table. This zone also includes the capillary fringe above the water table, the height of which will vary according to the grain size of the sediments.

Question: What is the term that describes ground failure or loss of soil strength that causes solid soil to behave like a liquid?

Answer: Soil liquefaction, also called earthquake liquefaction, is a type of ground failure or loss of strength that causes otherwise solid soil to behave temporarily as a viscous liquid. The phenomenon occurs in water-saturated unconsolidated soils affected by seismic S waves (secondary waves), which cause ground vibrations during earthquakes.