Doberman Pinscher

Doberman Pinscher, breed of working dog developed in Apolda, Germany, by Karl Friedrich Louis Dobermann, a tax collector, night watchman, dogcatcher, and keeper of a dog pound, about 1890. The Doberman Pinscher is a sleek, agile, and powerful dog standing 24 to 28 inches (61 to 71 cm) at the withers and weighing 60 to 100 pounds (27 to 45 kg). It has a short smooth coat, black, blue, fawn, or red in colour, with rust markings on the head, throat, chest, base of the tail, and feet. The breed has a reputation for fearlessness, alertness, loyalty, and intelligence. Resembling a miniaturized version of the Doberman Pinscher is the Miniature Pinscher, a breed of toy dog originating in Germany and likely the result of crossbreeding German Pinschers, Dachshunds, and Italian Greyhounds. The name pinscher denotes any short-haired terrier-like breed.

During his time as a dogcatcher and pound keeper, Dobermann was thought to have crossed several breeds—including the Rottweiler, German Pinscher, Black and Tan Terriers, Weimaraner, and short-haired shepherds—to develop the breed, which was first registered with the American Kennel Club (AKC) in 1908. The Doberman Pinscher Club of America, an organization devoted to promoting the purity of the breed, was founded in Michigan in 1921, by George Earle III, an American diplomat who also served as governor of Pennsylvania from 1935 to 1939. Doberman Pinschers have been used in police and military work (such as in message delivery, scouting, and guarding) and as a watchdogs and as a guide dogs for the blind.

Britannica Quiz

The Dog Breed Quiz

Care and upkeep

The Doberman Pinscher is a large energetic dog, and it requires daily mental and physical exercise—such as a long jog or vigorous play for at least an hour per day. It prefers temperate weather and enjoys retrieving, swimming, tugging, and running. The breed excels at dog sports such as agility, Schutzhund (a dog competition that involves protection, tracking, and obedience), ring sport, lure coursing (where a dog chases a mechanized plastic lure), nose work, tracking, and dock diving. Since the Doberman Pinscher is also a capable jumper, owners should have a well-fenced yard.

Caring for the Doberman’s coat consists of weekly or twice-a-week brushing combined with occasional bathing. Tail docking (removal of a portion of the tail) and ear cropping (removal of a portion of the ear) are illegal in some countries. Where these procedures are permitted, tails should be docked within three days of birth and ears cropped somewhat later, with both procedures performed by an experienced veterinarian. Cropped ears require considerable aftercare and taping to prevent infection and to train the ears to stand.

Dobermans are subject to a breed-specific form of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) that affects the heart’s ability to contract correctly, which can lead to death. A DNA test for the gene associated with DCM is available but suffers from both false positives and false negatives. Dogs between one and two years of age should receive cardiac evaluation including an electrocardiogram and a baseline Holter heart monitor test. The Doberman is also susceptible to Wobbler syndrome (which causes spinal cord compression and neck pain), von Willebrand disease (vWD, which results in excessive or prolonged bleeding), and hip dysplasia. As with other large breeds prone to hip dysplasia, puppies should be fed a diet for large-breed puppies that slows their rate of growth.

Temperament

The Doberman Pinscher has earned its place as one of the most effective military dogs and family guardians among all breeds. It is alert but generally quiet, sounding an alarm only when needed. It is a gifted student, capable of learning complicated tasks. Though aloof toward strangers and tough toward those it percieves to be threatening, the dog is surprisingly sensitive and demonstrative toward family, friends, and handlers. It gets along well with other family pets but can be domineering toward strange dogs. It is playful and very energetic. (Generalizations about dog breeds are well established and widely accepted, but individual dogs may differ in behaviour from others of their breed.)

Breed data

This table provides facts about the Doberman Pinscher.