2012 Benghazi attacks, assaults on a U.S. diplomatic compound and a nearby CIA annex in the city of Benghazi, Libya, on September 11–12, 2012, which resulted in the deaths of four Americans, including the U.S. ambassador to Libya—the first violent death of a U.S. ambassador since 1988. The incident

American voters went to the polls on November 6, 2012, to determine—for the 57th time—their country’s president for the next four years. Incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama’s reelection bid was, from the outset, expected to be closely contested as the United States faced a number of

Ebola outbreak of 2014–16, outbreak of Ebola virus disease that ravaged countries in western Africa in 2014–16 and was noted for its unprecedented magnitude. By January 2016, suspected and confirmed cases had totaled more than 28,600, and reported deaths numbered about 11,300, making the outbreak

New Horizons: …by another Kuiper belt object, Arrokoth, on January 1, 2019. Arrokoth was found to be a contact binary—that is, two Kuiper belt objects that had merged together.

2015 FIFA corruption scandal, bribery and corruption scandal involving the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the governing body of international football (soccer). More than two dozen FIFA officials and their associates were implicated in a 24-year self-enrichment scheme

United States Presidential Election of 2016, American presidential election held on November 8, 2016, in which Republican Donald Trump lost the popular vote to Democrat Hillary Clinton by more than 2.8 million votes but won 30 states and the decisive electoral college with 304 electoral votes to

COVID-19, highly contagious respiratory illness, the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 was first detected in 2019 in Wuhan, China. A large proportion of infections in China were undocumented before travel restrictions and other control measures were implemented in late January 2020. As a

coronavirus: The virus, later named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), caused an illness known as COVID-19, which was similar to SARS and was characterized primarily by fever and respiratory symptoms. The virus was likewise highly contagious, spreading throughout regions of China, the United States, and…

COVID-19, highly contagious respiratory illness, the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 was first detected in 2019 in Wuhan, China. A large proportion of infections in China were undocumented before travel restrictions and other control measures were implemented in late January 2020. As a

Sri Lanka: Growing debt and instability: On April 21, 2019—Easter morning—eight explosions occurred in the vicinity of churches and hotels, leaving hundreds dead and hundreds more wounded. Another blast occurred near a church the next day, while other explosive devices were discovered and neutralized before being detonated. Authorities, who had been warned about the attack about…

coronavirus: The virus, later named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), caused an illness known as COVID-19, which was similar to SARS and was characterized primarily by fever and respiratory symptoms. The virus was likewise highly contagious, spreading throughout regions of China, the United States, and…

Michel Aoun: Presidency: …damages after a mushroom cloud explosion, which officials said was caused by the neglected storage of ammonium nitrate in the port district. Diab and his cabinet resigned the following week.

Mali: 2020 and 2021 coups and transitional administration: The coup, while cheered by many in Mali, was met with regional and international condemnation.

United States presidential election of 2020, American presidential election held on November 3, 2020, in the midst of the global coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, in which Democrat Joe Biden, formerly the 47th vice president of the United States, defeated the incumbent president, Republican Donald

Scott Morrison: The 2019 bushfires, the coronavirus pandemic, and the 2021 flooding: …rain that produced extensive destructive flooding, especially in New South Wales, where about 18,000 individuals had to be evacuated. Again, climate change appeared to have contributed to the calamity, this time by intensifying the effects of the La Niña weather pattern that typically increases rainfall as well as cyclone activity.…

Israel: Difficulty in coalition formation, frequent elections, and growing prominence of minority issues: Clashes between Palestinian protesters and Israeli police left hundreds injured. Hamas launched rockets toward Jerusalem in response, prompting an escalation in violence between Israel and Hamas to a level unseen since 2014. Nevertheless, a cease-fire was reached after 11 days, an unusually swift resolution.

2021 Myanmar coup d’état, maneuvering in Myanmar on February 1, 2021, in which power was seized from a democratically elected government and handed to the military. The coup was rejected by the civilian population and sparked civil disobedience, protests, and enduring armed resistance to military

United States: The Buffalo and Uvalde shootings, overturning Roe v. Wade, and the January 6 attack hearings: Tragic mass shootings in a Buffalo, New York, supermarket and an elementary school in Uvalde, Texas, in May 2022 prompted a new round of national outrage at gun violence and heightened demands for gun control reform. After traveling more than 200 miles (320 km) from his…

2022 FIFA World Cup, international football (soccer) tournament that took place in Qatar from November 20 to December 18, 2022, and was contested by the men’s national teams of 32 countries. Argentina won its third World Cup victory in the tournament after defeating France in the final match. The

2022 FIFA World Cup, international football (soccer) tournament that took place in Qatar from November 20 to December 18, 2022, and was contested by the men’s national teams of 32 countries. Argentina won its third World Cup victory in the tournament after defeating France in the final match. The

Tonga: History of Tonga: …(65 km) north of Nuku‘alofa, erupted, spewing a mix of ash, gas, and steam more than 12 miles (about 20 km) into the air and covering Tonga in thick volcanic ash. The eruption generated a devastating tsunami, and significant flooding led to extensive damage in the island nation.

2022 Nobel Peace Prize winners, The 2022 Nobel Prize for Peace was awarded jointly to Ales Bialiatski, a Belarusian human rights activist and political prisoner; the Center for Civil Liberties, a Ukrainian organization that promotes democracy and civil society; and Memorial, a Russian human rights

Russia-Ukraine War, war between Russia and Ukraine that began in February 2014 with the covert invasion of the Ukrainian autonomous republic of Crimea by disguised Russian troops. The conflict expanded in April 2014 when Russians and local proxy forces seized territory in Ukraine’s Donbas region;

2022 FIFA World Cup, international football (soccer) tournament that took place in Qatar from November 20 to December 18, 2022, and was contested by the men’s national teams of 32 countries. Argentina won its third World Cup victory in the tournament after defeating France in the final match. The

Brazil: The return of Lula: …and gold of Brazil’s flag, stormed the country’s Congress, presidential palace, and Supreme Court, wreaking havoc and destruction in the halls of Brazilian democracy in response to Lula’s inauguration roughly a week earlier.

Kahramanmaraş earthquake of 2023, an earthquake and a severe aftershock that struck near the border separating southern Turkey from northern Syria on February 6, 2023. The magnitude-7.8 earthquake was centered south of the Turkish city Kahramanmaraş. This was followed less than 12 hours later by a

2023 could be thought of as a sort of Rorschach test. For example, when you think of the year, what first comes to mind? Regardless, it was a year. Relive the moments, people, and predicaments of 2023 here. And here’s to

On July 26, 2024, the Paris Olympics will officially begin. Over the course of the next two weeks, some 10,500 athletes will compete in 329 events. The Games will feature a full roster of star athletes, and there will undoubtedly be a number of breakout stars. Who should be on your radar? Read on

United States presidential election of 2024, American election scheduled to be held on November 5, 2024. Polls of Democratic and Republican voters and the results of early presidential primary elections have made it likely that the general election will pit the Democratic incumbent, Pres. Joe Biden

Wong Kar-Wai: In Wong’s next film, 2046 (2004), a sequel to In the Mood for Love, Chow tries to forget his love for Su by engaging in a string of short affairs. The title refers to both the science-fiction novel Chow is writing (some of which is depicted in the movie)…

Chiron, icy small body orbiting the Sun in the outer solar system among the giant planets. Once thought to be the most distant known asteroid, Chiron is now believed to have the composition of a comet nucleus—i.e., a mixture of water ice, other frozen gases, organic material, and silicate dust.

20th Century Studios, major American film studio formed in 1935 by the merger of Twentieth Century Pictures and the Fox Film Corporation. Since 2019 it has been a subsidiary of the Disney Company. Headquarters are in Los Angeles. William Fox was a New York City exhibitor who began distributing

20th Century Studios, major American film studio formed in 1935 by the merger of Twentieth Century Pictures and the Fox Film Corporation. Since 2019 it has been a subsidiary of the Disney Company. Headquarters are in Los Angeles. William Fox was a New York City exhibitor who began distributing

Annette Bening: Career: … (2014), Danny Collins (2015), and 20th Century Women (2016). She also appeared in Rules Don’t Apply (2016), written and directed by Beatty, and played an aging Gloria Grahame in Film Stars Don’t Die in Liverpool (2017). In 2018 she starred in a film adaptation of Anton Chekhov’s play The Seagull.…

20th Century Studios, major American film studio formed in 1935 by the merger of Twentieth Century Pictures and the Fox Film Corporation. Since 2019 it has been a subsidiary of the Disney Company. Headquarters are in Los Angeles. William Fox was a New York City exhibitor who began distributing

20th-century international relations, history of the relations between states, especially the great powers, from approximately 1900 to 2000. The history of the 20th century was shaped by the changing relations of the world’s great powers. The first half of the century, the age of the World Wars and

20th-century Norwegian literature, the body of written works produced in the Bokmål and Nynorsk forms of the Norwegian language between about 1900 and the turn of the 21st century. For an overview of Norwegian literature from the 16th century to the present, see Norwegian literature. Key takeaways

Adele: The result, 21 (2011), was a bolder and more stylistically diverse set of material, with singles ranging from the earthy gospel- and disco-inflected “Rolling in the Deep” to the affecting breakup ballad “Someone like You.” Both songs hit number one in multiple countries, and, despite a vocal-cord…

Chadwick Boseman: …starring in the police thriller 21 Bridges (2019). In 2020 he portrayed a revered fallen squad leader in Spike Lee’s Da 5 Bloods, centring on the Vietnam War.

Alejandro González Iñárritu: For their next feature film, 21 Grams (2003), González Iñárritu and Arriaga ventured into English-language cinema. As with Amores perros, the film told the story of seemingly isolated individuals whose lives are subtly intertwined. The two men next collaborated on Babel (2006), featuring an international cast headlined by Brad Pitt…

Jonah Hill: …in the 1980s parody film 21 Jump Street (2012), which also starred Channing Tatum, and in the sequel, 22 Jump Street (2014). During this time he also appeared in Quentin Tarantino’s Django Unchained (2012). In 2013 Hill played an exaggerated version of himself in the horror comedy This Is the…

Television in the United States: Teen dramas and adult cartoons: …with such teen-oriented series as 21 Jump Street (1987–91), the story of youthful cops working undercover in Los Angeles high schools, which introduced Johnny Depp, and Beverly Hills 90210 (1990–2000), a prime-time soap opera set in the fictional West Beverly Hills High School. The latter inspired an entire new genre…

21-centimetre radiation, electromagnetic radiation of radio wavelength emitted by cold, neutral, interstellar hydrogen atoms. The hydrogen atom is composed of a positively charged particle, the proton, and a negatively charged particle, the electron. These particles have some intrinsic angular

congenital adrenal hyperplasia: Types and clinical manifestation: …adrenal hyperplasia is deficiency of 21-hydroxylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the next-to-last step in the synthesis of cortisol. In infants with partial 21-hydroxylase deficiency, the production of cortisol is near normal, but there is excess production of adrenal androgens. Excess androgen produced to overcome this deficiency during fetal life results…

Rush: Formation and early albums: With its fourth album, 2112 (1976), however, the band finally reached a mainstream audience. A dystopian concept album that leaned heavily into progressive rock, 2112 established Rush as an up-and-coming hard rock act and earned the band a devoted group of fans. By the late 1970s Rush had developed…

Pappy Boyington: …organized Squadron 214, called the Black Sheep Squadron, one of the most renowned fighting units of the war, operating mostly in the Solomon Islands. On his last mission, on January 3, 1944, he shot down three Japanese aircraft but was himself shot down in Rabaul harbour, New Britain, and was…

Green Day: …for best rock album for 21st Century Breakdown (2009), another ambitious song cycle. It was followed in 2012 by a trilogy—the separately released ¡Uno!, ¡Dos!, and ¡Tré!—that found the band returning to the high-energy immediacy of its punk roots while also drawing inspiration from its classic-rock forebears. Green Day’s next…

Disney Company: Continuing expansion: ABC, Pixar, Marvel Entertainment, and Lucasfilm: …most of the holdings of 21st Century Fox, including the film studio 20th Century Fox. The deal closed in 2019 and was valued at about $71 billion; it also made Disney a majority owner of streaming service Hulu. In 2019 Disney also entered the crowded streaming market under its own…

Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa: Another major commission was the 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art in Kanazawa (2004), a circular building with a glass facade. It was heralded for its panoramic views of the surrounding city and for its unconventional nonlinear floor plan, which encouraged visitors to create their own random paths through the…

Diane di Prima: …of a Song (1990), and 22 Death Poems (1996). She also wrote Dinners and Nightmares (1961; rev. ed., 1974), a book of short stories; a number of plays (collected in Zipcode [1992]); and several autobiographical works, including Memoirs of a Beatnik (1969) and Recollections of My Life as a Woman:…

Council of Five Hundred: In the Coup of 22 Floréal, the Directory successfully pressured leaders in the legislative body to expel 127 of the newly elected delegates. Following more Jacobin victories in the election of 1799, however, the members of the Council of Five Hundred refused to submit to a purge…

Jonah Hill: …Tatum, and in the sequel, 22 Jump Street (2014). During this time he also appeared in Quentin Tarantino’s Django Unchained (2012). In 2013 Hill played an exaggerated version of himself in the horror comedy This Is the End, about the apocalypse, and portrayed the drug-addicted sidekick of the title character…

France: The Jacobin dictatorship: …the Convention passed the infamous law of 22 Prairial, year II (June 10, 1794), to streamline revolutionary justice, denying the accused any effective right to self-defense and eliminating all sentences other than acquittal or death. Indictments by the public prosecutor, now virtually tantamount to a death sentence, multiplied rapidly.

Oslo and Utøya attacks of 2011, terrorist attacks on Oslo and mass shooting on the island of Utøya in Norway on July 22, 2011, in which 77 people were killed—the deadliest incident on Norwegian soil since World War II. At 3:26 pm an explosion rocked downtown Oslo, shattering windows and damaging

Eavan Boland: …unpolished poetry in the pamphlet 23 Poems (1962), she wrote New Territory (1967), a full-length book of 22 poems about Irish mythology, the creativity of artists, and her self-identity.

Anne Wojcicki: …of the personal genetics company 23andMe.

24, American prime-time television action-suspense series that aired on the Fox Network in 2001–10 and 2014. It was syndicated globally. The show was one of Fox’s most successful programs in the 21st century, garnering dozens of Emmy Award nominations and winning the award for outstanding drama

Girish Karnad: …Life Goes On (2009), and 24 (2016), among others.

Johannes von Müller: ; The History of the World), is indebted to the historical outlook of the Enlightenment but points forward to Leopold von Ranke in its religious conception. In Fürstenbund (1787; “League of Princes”) and Reisen der Päpste (1782; “Travels of the Popes”), which are political journalism, Müller…

Niccolò Paganini: …1807 he wrote the 24 Capricci for unaccompanied violin, displaying the novel features of his technique, and the two sets of six sonatas for violin and guitar. He reappeared in Italy as a violinist in 1805 and was appointed director of music at Piombino by Napoleon’s sister, Élisa Bonaparte Baciocchi.…

24 Hours of Le Mans, probably the world’s best-known automobile race, run annually (with few exceptions) since 1923 at the Sarthe road-racing circuit, near Le Mans, France. Since 1928 the winner has been the car that travels the greatest distance in a 24-hour time period. The racing circuit is

bullet ant, (Paraponera clavata), large predatory neotropical ant known for its extremely painful sting. The bullet ant is found in the humid lowland rainforests of Central and South America, ranging from El Salvador and Honduras to Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil. The bullet ant’s sting is said to feel

24-hour clock, time convention that begins the day at 00:00 and ends at 23:59, although 24:00 can be used to refer to 00:00 of the following day. The 24-hour clock is the international standard format for time (ISO 8601) and is currently the most widespread time notation worldwide. Professionals in

aerospace engineering: Aeronautical engineering: …accepted until 1933, when the Boeing 247-D entered service. The twin-engine design of the latter established the foundation of modern air transport.

Bruno Mars: …of his third studio album, 24K Magic (2016), which drew inspiration from 1990s R&B music. A commercial hit, it also won numerous Grammy Awards, most notably for best album, record, and song (“That’s What I Like”). Mars later joined with Anderson .Paak to form Silk Sonic, and in 2021 they…

Adele: …in 2015 with the album 25. Although some critics felt it did not take enough risks, Adele’s voice was no less powerful, and her ability to sell records remained undiminished. The yearning single “Hello” became a hit in numerous countries, and more than 20 million copies of the album were…

Lisbon: City site: …of the city, by the 25th of April Bridge. Just east of the bridge, the Tagus suddenly broadens into a bay 7 miles (11 km) wide called the Mar de Palha (“Sea of Straw”) because of the way that it shimmers in the sun. The widest part of the Tagus…

Dag Solstad: In 25 September Plassen (1974; “September 25th Square”) he showed the growing political awareness on the part of factory workers in the period following World War II. Svik. Førkrigsår (1977; “Betrayal: Prewar Years”) and Krig. 1940 (1978; “War: 1940”) were the first two in a series…

Spike Lee: …paean to the sport, and 25th Hour (2002), which focuses on the last day of freedom for a convicted drug dealer (played by Edward Norton). Inside Man (2006), starring Denzel Washington and Jodie Foster, centres on the negotiations between the police and the bank robbers engaged in a hostage situation,…

Lisbon: City site: …of the city, by the 25th of April Bridge. Just east of the bridge, the Tagus suddenly broadens into a bay 7 miles (11 km) wide called the Mar de Palha (“Sea of Straw”) because of the way that it shimmers in the sun. The widest part of the Tagus…

2600: The Hacker Quarterly, American magazine, founded in 1984 and sometimes called “the hacker’s bible,” that has served as both a technical journal, focusing on technological exploration and know-how, and a muckraking magazine, exposing government and corporate misdeeds. 2600: The Hacker

Roberto Bolaño: …publication of his magnum opus, 2666 (2004). That massive novel is divided into five loosely connected sections, which Bolaño considered publishing separately. The book’s most-acclaimed section, the fourth, details a series of gruesome murders of young women (loosely based on actual murders that took place in Juárez, Mexico, at the…

26th of July Movement, revolutionary movement led by Fidel Castro that overthrew the regime of Fulgencio Batista in Cuba (1959). Its name commemorates an attack on the Santiago de Cuba army barracks on July 26, 1953. The movement began formally in 1955 when Castro went to Mexico to form a

Katherine Heigl: …subsequent movies included the lighthearted 27 Dresses (2008), in which she starred as a serial bridesmaid looking for Mr. Right, The Ugly Truth (2009), and Life As We Know It (2010), about a mismatched couple entrusted with raising an orphaned infant. She also appeared in the action comedies Killers (2010),…

Sandra Bullock: In 2000 her performance in 28 Days was praised, as she balanced humour with vulnerability to portray a writer and party girl who is sent to rehabilitation. Later that year Bullock had a box office hit with Miss Congeniality, a comedy in which she played an FBI agent who goes…

Danny Boyle: …with the postapocalyptic zombie film 28 Days Later. He continued to show his versatility with Millions (2004), a heartwarming story about a motherless boy who finds the proceeds of a bank robbery.

Dada: …and Paris; his Dada periodical, 291, was published in New York, Zürich, Paris, and Barcelona from 1917 through 1924.

Alfred Stieglitz: The Photo-Secession: …protégé Steichen, Stieglitz opened the Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession, a name soon shortened to 291, the gallery’s address on lower Fifth Avenue in New York City. During the gallery’s first four years it most often functioned as an exhibition space for the Photo-Secession photographers. By the 1909 season, however,…

tank: Interwar developments: …the French built 10 68-ton 2C tanks with the first turret-mounted 75-mm guns and continued to develop 75-mm-gun tanks, notably the 30-ton Char B of 1936.

mobile telephone: Development of cellular systems: …are known as the “second generation” (2G). Since the introduction of 2G cell phones, various enhancements have been made in order to provide data services and applications such as Internet browsing, two-way text messaging, still-image transmission, and mobile access by personal computers. One of the most successful applications of…

Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS), astronomical survey conducted from 1997 to 2001 of the entire sky at near-infrared wavelengths. Two automated 1.3-metre (4.3-foot) telescopes were used. One was at Mount Hopkins, Arizona; the other was at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile. The

George Nugent Temple Grenville, 1st marquess of Buckingham was George Grenville’s second son, created (1784) the marquess of Buckingham (the town). He made his mark as lord lieutenant of Ireland. Educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, Temple was member of Parliament for Buckinghamshire from

Francisco Goya: The Napoleonic invasion and period after the restoration: The 2nd of May 1808 in Madrid, or “The Fight of the Mamelukes” and The 3rd of May 1808 in Madrid, or “The Executions” were painted to commemorate the popular insurrection in Madrid. Like The Disasters, they are compositions of dramatic realism, and their monumental…

Tupac Shakur American rapper and actor who was one of the leading names in 1990s gangsta rap. Lesane Crooks was born to Afeni Shakur (née Alice Faye Williams), a member of the Black Panther Party, and she renamed him Tupac Amaru Shakur—after Peruvian revolutionary Túpac Amaru II—when he was a year

number symbolism: 3: The number 3 is a very mystical and spiritual number featured in many folktales (three wishes, three guesses, three little pigs, three bears, three billy goats gruff). In ancient Babylon the three primary gods were Anu, Bel (Baal), and Ea, representing Heaven, Earth, and…

Catherine Deneuve: …Beloved) and 3 Coeurs (2014; 3 Hearts). Deneuve’s older sister, Françoise Dorléac, was also a successful actress. The sisters appeared together in one film, Demy’s Les Demoiselles de Rochefort (1967; The Young Girls of Rochefort).

Kevin Costner: …manage his family life in 3 Days to Kill, the general manager of an NFL team in Draft Day, and a single man trying to raise his biracial granddaughter in Black or White. The next year he starred as a high-school cross-country running coach in McFarland, USA.

Jafar Panahi: In Se rokh (2018; 3 Faces), Panahi and actress Behnaz Jafari undertake a road trip to find a young girl whose family bars her from pursuing an acting career.

De La Soul: …replete with quirky interlude skits, 3 Feet High and Rising influenced not only De La Soul’s own self-constructed “family” of alternative rappers (ranging from A Tribe Called Quest to Queen Latifah) but also groups as disparate as Public Enemy (who were inspired by the collage-sampling technique of “Prince Paul”) and…

Catherine Deneuve: …Beloved) and 3 Coeurs (2014; 3 Hearts). Deneuve’s older sister, Françoise Dorléac, was also a successful actress. The sisters appeared together in one film, Demy’s Les Demoiselles de Rochefort (1967; The Young Girls of Rochefort).

Aamir Khan: …Indian Mutiny (1857–58); the comedies 3 Idiots (2009) and PK (2014), both of which were among the highest-grossing movies in Bollywood history; and the musical Secret Superstar (2017). In 2007 Khan made his directorial debut with Taare zameen par (Like Stars on Earth); he also starred in that critically acclaimed…

John Guare: Later plays included 3 Kinds of Exile (2013), which premiered Off-Broadway and starred Guare, and A Free Man of Color (2010). Guare also wrote several screenplays, notably Atlantic City (1980), for which he received an Academy Award nomination, and the 1993 adaptation of his play Six Degrees of…

Russia: Expansion of the empire: …country by drafting the “Constitution of 3 May 1791,” which provided for stronger royal authority, established four-year sessions of the elected Sejm (the Polish diet), abolished the liberum veto in its proceedings (under the liberum veto, any single member of the Sejm could kill a measure), and introduced significant…

Robert Altman: M*A*S*H and the 1970s: …producer, director, and writer for Three Women (1977). A mystical investigation into the nature of identity (based on a dream Altman had), with Shelley Duvall, Sissy Spacek, and Janice Rule, it polarized critics. Altman and his production company, Lion’s Gate Films, also played an important role in supporting the career…

gallic acid, substance occurring in many plants, either in the free state or combined as gallotannin. It is present to the extent of 40–60 percent combined as gallotannic acid in tara (any of various plants of the genus Caesalpinia) and in Aleppo and Chinese galls (swellings of plant tissue), from

thyroxine, one of the two major hormones secreted by the thyroid gland (the other is triiodothyronine). Thyroxine’s principal function is to stimulate the consumption of oxygen and thus the metabolism of all cells and tissues in the body. Thyroxine is formed by the molecular addition of iodine to

therapeutics: Hormones: hormones include thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which regulate tissue metabolism. Natural desiccated thyroid produced from beef and pork and the synthetic derivatives levothyroxine and liothyronine are used in replacement therapy to treat hypothyroidism that results from any cause.

citral (C10H16O), a pale yellow liquid, with a strong lemon odour, that occurs in the essential oils of plants. It is insoluble in water but soluble in ethanol (ethyl alcohol), diethyl ether, and mineral oil. It is used in perfumes and flavourings and in the manufacture of other chemicals.

3-D, motion-picture process that gives a three-dimensional quality to film images. It is based on the fact that humans perceive depth by viewing with both eyes. In the 3-D process, two cameras or a twin-lensed camera are used for filming, one representing the left eye and the other the right. The

radar: Antennas: …beams (as in the so-called 3D radars, which measure elevation angle in addition to azimuth and range), and in applications that require ultralow antenna sidelobe radiation.